Robotnik

Barts-MS rose-tinted-odometer: seeing red

I would like to thank all my colleagues who have written to me in the last few weeks in support of the blog, and what it stands for, as it emerges like a phoenix from its latest existential crisis.

It is interesting that many of my colleagues who have written to me privately seem reluctant to stick their heads above the parapet. They would rather remain as the silent majority, trapped in a system that is very difficult to escape from. I note very few MSologists are prepared to comment on or take a position on the two patients I presented in  ‘ethical quandary’. Why?

In response to the first case with ‘inactive secondary progressive MS’ in my ‘ethical quandary’ post. Yes, we are only in this position because of how we define so-called MS states. The fact that the Lublin criteria state that once you become secondary progressive you can’t go back to being relapsing-remitting is farcical and is not based on biology. Do you think MS, the real disease, has a molecular one-way switch that says RRMS or SPMS? Similarly, when someone who is NEDA-2 (no relapses or MRI activity) but is worsening (increasing disability) is classified as being inactive the classification system doesn’t necessarily acknowledge the limitations of the technology that is being used for looking for inflammation. If we are going to change things for our patients with MS we have to stand up and be counted. Maybe we should start an alternative to the Lublin committee to redefine MS as a biological disease and not a clinico-radiological entity. What do you think? I would say no. It would be better for the Lublin committee to change their perspective.

Finally, those of you who blindly follow guidelines, such as the NHS England DMT algorithm, need to question why the guidelines have been formulated in the first place. The NHS England guidelines are to make sure we don’t prescribe outside of the NICE approval criteria, which are based on rigid and very narrow cost-effectiveness models and not real-life patients as presented in the two cases in the ‘ethical quandary’ post. Please remember guidelines are guidelines and there is some flexibility allowed in how you interpret them. My position is that as treating MSologists our duty is to our patients; we have to do things to try and maximise their health outcomes, which is not only physical outcomes, but their quality of life, mental health, employment and social capital to name a few, and at the same time trying to reduce healthcare utilization. There is a term for MSologists who blindly follow guidelines without questioning them; it is a robotnik. 

Are you a robotnik? 

Conflicts of Interest

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General Disclaimer: Please note that the opinions expressed here are those of Professor Giovannoni and do not necessarily reflect the positions of the Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry nor Barts Health NHS Trust.

Swiss Neurologists Challenge Lublin

Barts-MS rose-tinted-odometer: ★

I have just been chastised by someone from a Swiss Pharma company for suggesting that siponimod is a cul-de-sac DMT. Why can’t someone who is diagnosed and labelled as having SPMS who is started on siponimod be switched to any other DMT? I agree, but the absurdity of the situation arises because of the rigidity of the Lublin classification of MS (see below) and the salami-slicing of MS into multiple disease entities. 

The cul-de-sac is based on the assumption that once you have progressive MS, either primary progressive or secondary progressive MS, you can’t become unprogressive and be subsequently re-diagnosed as having relapsing-remitting MS. This is explicit in the Lublin classification system that defines the clinical course of MS.  According to Lublin progressive MS is a one-way street.

The reason we find ourselves in this ridiculous situation is that MS was salami-sliced up into three and four diseases in the 1990s to allow interferon-beta to get licensed under the US Orphan Drug Act. The Orphan Drug Act states that to be an orphan disease there have to be fewer than 200,000 US citizens with the disease.  There are clearly more than 200,000 people with MS in the US, but there were less than 200,000 people with relapsing-remitting MS, secondary progressive MS or primary progressive MS in the 1990s. Subsequently, a fourth category was added to the classification system of clinically-isolated syndrome (CIS). Fortunately, CIS is gradually disappearing as the McDonald criteria are gradually nibbling away at this pseudo-category of MS.

Few people are aware of the history of MS becoming four diseases, but the consequences of this to the field have been enormous. For one it means that Pharma has had to do trials in all four ‘pseudo-MS disease states’ at great expense to the field. It has had major psychological effects on people with the disease. When you tell people they have SPMS it is like telling them they have a second disease that until recently was unmodifiable. 

The other consequence of MS being three or four diseases is that once you have been diagnosed as having SPMS we are mandated under NHS England guidelines to stop DMTs. This is why most neurologists in the UK avoid labelling their patients as having SPMS. 

The Lublin classification system is based on a clinico-radiological worldview of MS and is not underpinned by biology. If you take a biological worldview of MS, which is the correct philosophy based on our current thinking of what constitutes a disease, then MS is one disease and not three or four diseases. 

Interestingly, I have been asked by the CONY Virtual Conference organisers to give a keynote plenary lecture on this exact topic, which I recorded yesterday. 

The good news is that this Pharma Executive tells me that the Swiss Neurologists have decided that the Lublin classification system is incorrect and that according to the Swiss it will be fine to reverse out of the secondary-progressive cul de sac and to relabel their patients as having relapsing MS and to be able to switch their patients from siponimod to ofatumumab once it is licensed in Switzerland. I sincerely hope the Swiss neurologists publish their new classification system of MS, or MS roadmap, as the Lublin one is out-of-date. More importantly, will the Swiss neurologists be prepared to convince the NHS of their wisdom?  

Lublin et al. Defining the clinical course of multiple sclerosis: the 2013 revisions. Neurology 2014 Jul 15;83(3):278-86.

Accurate clinical course descriptions (phenotypes) of multiple sclerosis (MS) are important for communication, prognostication, design and recruitment of clinical trials, and treatment decision-making. Standardized descriptions published in 1996 based on a survey of international MS experts provided purely clinical phenotypes based on data and consensus at that time, but imaging and biological correlates were lacking. Increased understanding of MS and its pathology, coupled with general concern that the original descriptors may not adequately reflect more recently identified clinical aspects of the disease, prompted a re-examination of MS disease phenotypes by the International Advisory Committee on Clinical Trials of MS. While imaging and biological markers that might provide objective criteria for separating clinical phenotypes are lacking, we propose refined descriptors that include consideration of disease activity (based on clinical relapse rate and imaging findings) and disease progression. Strategies for future research to better define phenotypes are also outlined.

CoI: multiple

Twitter: @gavinGiovannoni      Medium: @gavin_24211

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